• Primitives:
  • Raw vertices are stored in vertex memory buffers
  • Geometric primitives (points, lines, triangles, and polygons) reference the raw vertices
• The Pipeline:
  • Tessellation Unit
  • Vertex Processing Unit
  • Geometry Processing Unit (clipping, culling and rasterization)
  • Pixel Processor

• Device:
  • The rendering component
  • Contains a transformation module, lighting module, and rasterization module
  • Created using DXUT or
    HRESULT IDirect3D9::CreateDevice(UINT adapter, D3DDEVTYPE type, HWND window, DWORD flags, D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS* params, IDirect3DDevice9** returnedDevice)
• Device Types:
  • Hardware accelerated rasterization; both hardware and software vertex processing (D3DDEVTYPE_HAL)
  • Reference device used for debugging that includes every feature (D3DDEVTYPE_REF)

• Processing Vertex Data:
  • D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING
  • D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING
  • D3DCREATE_MIXED_VERTEXPROCESSING
• Render States:
  • Alpha Blending State
  • Ambient Lighting State
  • Antialiasing State
  • Depth Buffering State
  • Fog State
  • Lighting State
  • Outline and Fill State
  • Per-Vertex Color State
  • Shading State
  • Texture State

• System:
  • Left-handed Cartesian coordinates
• Converting from Right-Handed:
  • Re-order vertices (e.g., a right-handed triangle with vertices \(v_0\), \(v_1\), \(v_2\) becomes a left-handed triangle with vertices \(v_0\), \(v_2\), \(v_1\))
  • Multiply \(z\) values by -1

• Vertex Elements:
  • Position
  • Normal
  • Color (D3DCOLOR_ARGB)
• Process:
  • Specify a custom struct for a vertex
  • Specify a corresponding custom Flexible Vertex Format (FVF)
• FVF Codes:
  • Untransformed position: D3DFVF_XYZ
  • Color Components: D3DFVF_DIFFUSE, D3DFVF_SPECULAR
  • Normal: D3DFVF_NORMAL
  • Point Size: D3DFVF_PSIZE

directx9examples/basics/cube/cube.cpp (Fragment: vertices)

// Specify the struct for a vertex
struct CUSTOMVERTEX
{
    float x, y, z;
        DWORD color;
};

// Specify the flexible vertex format (FVF) for the struct above
#define D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX (D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_DIFFUSE)


// Color Definitions
DWORD colorBlue   = 0xFF0000FF;
DWORD colorGold   = 0xFFC2A14D; // JMU Gold
DWORD colorGray   = 0xFFAAAAAA;
DWORD colorGreen  = 0xFF00FF00;
DWORD colorPurple = 0xFF450084; // JMU Purple
DWORD colorRed    = 0xFFFF0000;
DWORD colorYellow = 0xFFFFFF00;

// Create the vertex elements
CUSTOMVERTEX vertices[] =
{
        {-1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f, colorBlue},
        { 1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f, colorBlue},
        {-1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f, colorBlue},
        { 1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f, colorBlue},
        
        {-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, colorGold},
        {-1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f, colorGold},
        { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, colorGold},
        { 1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f, colorGold},
        
        {-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, colorGray},
        { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, colorGray},
        {-1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f, colorGray},
        { 1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f, colorGray},
        
        {-1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f, colorGreen},
        {-1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f, colorGreen},
        { 1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f, colorGreen},
        { 1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f, colorGreen},

        { 1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f, colorPurple},
        { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, colorPurple},
        { 1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f, colorPurple},
        { 1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f, colorPurple},
        
        {-1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f, colorRed},
        {-1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f, colorRed},
        {-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, colorRed},
        {-1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f, colorRed}
};

        

• Vertex Components:
  • One or more vertex elements stored in a buffer (IDirect3DVertexBuffer9)
• Process:
  • Create the vertex buffer
    HRESULT CreateVertexBuffer(UINT size, DWORD usage, DWORD fvf, D3DPOOL pool, IDirect3DVertexBuffer9** vertexBuffer, NULL)
  • Fill the vertex buffer with (a copy of) the vertices

directx9examples/basics/cube/cube.cpp (Fragment: createBuffer)

        // Create the vertex buffer
        d3dDevice->CreateVertexBuffer(24*sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX),0,  D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX,
                                  D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &vertexBuffer, NULL );

        // Declare the source data for the buffer
        VOID* data = NULL;

        // Lock the vertex buffer
    vertexBuffer->Lock( 0, sizeof(vertices), (void**)&data, 0 );

        // Copy the vertices into the buffer
    memcpy(data, vertices, sizeof(vertices));

        // Unlock the vertex buffer
    vertexBuffer->Unlock();
        

• Primitives:
  • Point list, line list, line strip, triangle list, triangle strip, triangle fan
• A Triangle Strip:
  • 
• A Triangle Fan:
  • 

• Nonindexed Rendering:
  • HRESULT IDirect3DDevice9::DrawPrimitive(D3DPRIMITIVETYPE type, UINT startVertex, UINT primitiveCount)
• Indexed Rendering:
  • HRESULT IDirect3DDevice9::DrawIndexedPrimitive(D3DPRIMITIVETYPE type, INT offset, UINT minIndex, UINT numVertices, UINT startIndex, UINT count)

• Two 2D Triangles (Nonindexed):
  • 

  • device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 
                          0,                  // startVertex
                          2);                 // primitiveCount
    

• Two 2D Triangles (Indexed):
  • 

  • device->DrawIndexPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 
                               0,                  // offset
                               0,                  // minIndex
                               4,                  // numVertices (in total)
                               0,                  // startIndex
                               2);                 // primitiveCount
    

• Starting the "Scene":
  • IDirect3DDevice9::BeginScene()
• Ending the "Scene":
  • IDirect3DDevice9::EndScene()
• Putting the "Scene" in the Off-Screen Buffer:
  • IDirect3DDevice9::Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL)

• Binding Components/Buffers:
  • Vertex components/buffers are bound to a device data stream using
    HRESULT IDirect3DDevice9::SetStreamSource(UNIT streamNumber, IDirect3DVertexBuffer9* streamData, UINT offset, UINT stride)
• Identify the Fixed Function Vertex Shader:
  • For basic usage, this involves passing the FVF code
    HRESULT IDirect3DDevice9::SetFVF(DWORD fvf)

directx9examples/basics/cube/cube.cpp (Fragment: render)

/**
 * The function that is called when the scene needs to be rendered
 */
void CALLBACK paint(IDirect3DDevice9* d3dDevice, 
                                        double time, float elapsedTime, 
                                        void* userContext )
{
    HRESULT hr;

    // Clear the render target and the zbuffer 
    V(d3dDevice->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, 
                           D3DCOLOR_ARGB(0, 0, 0, 0), 1.0f, 0) );


    // Render the scene
    if( SUCCEEDED(d3dDevice->BeginScene()))
    {
                // Transform the model
                D3DXMATRIX rotate, translate, world;

                D3DXMatrixTranslation(&translate, 0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f );
                D3DXMatrixRotationY(&rotate, rotateY);

                D3DXMatrixMultiply(&world, &rotate, &translate);
                d3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &world );


                // Starting to define the scene
                d3dDevice->BeginScene();

                // Bind the vertex buffer to the device
                d3dDevice->SetStreamSource(0, vertexBuffer, 0, sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX));

                // Setup the vertex shader
                d3dDevice->SetFVF(D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX);

                // Draw the various shapes (two triangles for each face)
                d3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP,  0, 2);
                d3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP,  4, 2);
                d3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP,  8, 2);
                d3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 12, 2);
                d3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 16, 2);
                d3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 20, 2);

        V(d3dDevice->EndScene());
    }
}
        

1. World Matrix:
   • Transformations to perform in model space
2. View Matrix:
   • The "camera" for the scene
3. Projection Matrix
   • How geometry is transformed from 3D view space to 2D viewport space

• Declaring a Matrix:
  • D3DXMATRIX
• Transforms:
  • D3DXMatrixRotation*(), D3DXMatrixReflect(), D3DXMatrixScaling(), D3DXMatrixTranslation(), etc...
• Applying the Transform:
  • HRESULT IDirect3DDevice9::SetTransform(D3DTRANSFORMSTATETYPE type, CONST D3DMATRIX* m)
  • where type is D3DTS_VIEW, D3DTS_PROJECTION, or D3DTS_WORLD

• Defining the View Transformation Matrix:
  • Is usually done using a "convenience" method
• Examples:
  • D3DXMATRIX* D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(D3DXMATRIX* mOut, CONST D3DXVECTOR3* eye, CONST D3DXVECTOR3* at, CONST D3DXVECTOR3* up) where the LH indicates "left-handed"
  • D3DXMATRIX* D3DXMatrixRotationYawPitchRoll(D3DXMATRIX* mOut,FLOAT yaw, FLOAT pitch, FLOAT roll) where the pitch is around \(x\), the yaw is around \(y\), and the roll is around \(z\)

• Orthographic:
  • D3DXMATRIX* D3DXMatrixOrthoLH(D3DXMATRIX* mOut, FLOAT w, FLOAT h, FLOAT znear, FLOAT zfar)
• Perspective:
  • D3DXMATRIX* D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(D3DXMATRIX* mOut, FLOAT fovy, FLOAT aspect, FLOAT znear, FLOAT zfar)

directx9examples/basics/cube/cube.cpp (Fragment: projection)

        // Use a perspective projection
    D3DXMATRIX projection;
    D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH( &projection, D3DXToRadian( 45.0f ), 
                                640.0f / 480.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f );
    d3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &projection);
        

directx9examples/basics/cube/cube.cpp (Fragment: mousecallback)

/**
 * The function that is called when the mouse is
 * moved or clicked
 */
void CALLBACK mouseEvent(bool leftDown, bool rightDown, bool middleDown,
                                                 bool side1Down, bool side2Down,
                                                 int wheelDelta, int x, int y, void* userContext)
{
        if (rightDown)
        {
                rotateY -= (float)D3DX_PI/10.0f;
        }
        else if (leftDown)
        {
                rotateY += (float)D3DX_PI/10.0f;
        }
}